Cashew Nut Farming
Uploaded on : April 2019
Introduction
Cashew is produced from a tropical evergreen tree, which is native to north-eastern Brazil. The tree is known to have existed since the 16th century and was brought to India by the Portuguese. It is now cultivated in 28 countries having tropical climate. The fruit and the nut of the tree are both considered edible and have high nutritional value with a delightful taste. The fruit of the tree is called the pseudocarp. The trade of edible nut produced from this tree ranks second in the international market. The nut hangs below the fruit and it is curved in shape. The tree of cashew has a limiting factor such that it cannot tolerate frost and cold climate for a longer period of time. The life of a cashew tree is almost 60 years. The annual production of the raw nut on a global scale is 37.2 lakh tonnes produced in an area of 40.97 lakh hectares. The cashew nut farming was initially practiced to control soil erosion, but later on it emerged to become a major product for international trade. The cashew nut farming project report highlights the plant details, its importance, scope of development, its varieties, farming methods and requirements, cost and profit analysis and finally the support given by organizations to undertake cashew nut farming.
Cashew Nut Farming – Properties of The Product
The cashew tree produces three things, which are traded on the international market: the nuts, the fruit and the nut shell liquid. The cashew nut is considered to contain carbohydrates, fibre, protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, zinc, vitamin B & C, small quantity of DFE folate and fat.
• The presence of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and attacks by lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol.
• Magnesium helps in the enzymatic reactions in the human body, muscle relaxation and lowers the risk of abdominal artery calcification.
• The nuts help boost the metabolism in the body and contribute to weight loss when consumed in moderate quantity.
• Frequent and moderate use of the nut reduces the risk of gall bladder problems.
• The copper content in the cashew nut helps reduce the problems related to low bone mineral density. It also maintains the collagen content in the human body.The fruit of the cashew tree contains a chemical on the skin called urushiol, which gives it a sweet astringent taste. People, who consume the fruit, initially steam it and wash it in cold water to remove the waxy substance from the skin. The apple/fruit of the cashew is consumed fresh, cooked or is fermented to form vinegar or alcoholic drinks.
The oil produced from the shell is a yellow colored resin and is composed of anacardic acids (70%), cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%). This oil from the cashew nut is used in preparing drugs, antioxidants, fungicides and biomaterials.
Cashew Nut Farming – Plant Characteristics
• Large evergreen tree with a short trunk and irregular branches.
• The maximum height of the tree is 14 m and it spread symmetrically up to 25 m.
• The leaves are elliptical, broad, leathery and spirally arranged.
• The flower of the cashew plant develops at the panicle. It is initially pale green in color and then turns red. It has five slender petals. The flowers grow in clusters.
• The plant bears pear-shaped fruits which are red or yellow in colour and at the end of the fruit is the nut, which is double shelled and kidney shaped.
• The tree can live up to 60 years, but has nut bearing capacity only for 20 or 30 years at the most.
Cashew Nut Farming – Varieties of Cashew Nut
Various research organizations in India have developed more than 30 varieties of cashew nut to be farmed at different regions and achieve practically good yield. The mean yield of all these varieties is 8 to 10 kg of cashew nuts per tree, i.e. one tonne of nuts per hectare of land.
• BPP 1, BPP 2, BPP 3, BPP 4, BPP 5, BPP 6, BPP 9/8, TNo.39 TNo.1, TNo.56, m44/3, BPP 10, BPP 11 are cashew nut varieties found in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
• Ullal-1, Ullal-2, Ullal-3, Ullal-4, UN-50, NRCC1, NRCC3, selection-1, selection-2, chintamani-1 are some varieties found in Karnataka.
• In Kerala, varieties such as anakkayam-1, BLA 39-4, K30.1, K-22-1, NDR-2-1, BLA-139-1, BLA-273-1, M25/1, M262-2, M3/4, Madakkathara-1, Madakkathara-2, Dhana, and Priyanka are found.
• Vengurla (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) are varieties of the state of Maharashtra.
• Bhubaneshvar-1 and WBDC-1 are varieties from Orissa.
• Jhargram-1 is from West Bengal.
• Tamil Nadu cashew nut varieties are VRI (1, 2 and 3) and BRI-1.
• Madhya Pradesh produces one variety of cashew nut i.e. TNo.40.
• The varieties cultivated in Goa are Goa-1, Vengurla-4, Vengurla-7, Vengurla-8, Bhaskara (Goa 11/6).
Cashew Nut Farming – Soil and Climatic Conditions
The most suitable temperature for farming cashew is 30 to 38˚C with a relative humidity greater than 50%. Any region with hot, humid tropical weather conditions is congenial for the cultivation of cashew. The minimum altitude requirement is 700 m above the sea level. The plants don't require heavy rainfall conditions. During the yield season, dry climate for four months is much favorable. The annual rainfall requirement for the cashew crops is 1000 to 2000 mm. Cashew plants can adapt themselves to any type of climate without affecting the productivity. The best soil suitable for this crop is well drained sandy loam soil with a hard pan. Also red sandy loam soil, lateritic soil, sand of coastal areas and soil with acidic pH are all suitable for the cultivation of cashew. Clayey soil, soil with pH more than 8 and soil with poor drainage facilities are not suitable for cashew plants. Flood and water stagnation can have bad impact on the cashew plants.
Cashew Nut Farming – Land Preparation and Planting
Even before the pre-monsoon showers the land being used for cashew farming should be cleared thoroughly. Cashew plantations can have three different planting arrangements, such as square, triangular or rectangular.
• In a square system the spacing between the rows and plant columns is the same. If the soil is extremely fertile then the spacing is 8 m x 8 m, else if the soil is moderately fertile then the spacing is 7 m x 7 m and if the soil is having very low fertility then the spacing is 5 m x 5 m.
• In a rectangular system the spacing between rows and plant spacing varies depending on the land and purpose. For e.g. the spacing is 9 m x 7 m (fertile soil), 8 m x 6 m (moderately fertile soil) or 5.5 m x 4.5 m (light soil).
• In the triangular system, the space between the plants is equidistant such that the land can accommodate 15% more plants than normal.
• The dimensions of the pit are 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm and they can be dug manually or mechanically. The pits should be kept open for 15 to 20 days. The pits are covered with a mixture of top soil, Farm Yard Manure (20 kg), rock phosphate (400 g) and anti-termite compound (100 g).
• The soft wood grafts of 10 to 12 months old from a high variety cashew are used as planting material.
• The graft should be planted such that it is 5 cm above the soil. Supporting the graft with a stalk is important.
• The exact time for planting the graft is during the beginning of monsoon.
Cashew Nut Farming – Propagation Techniques
Multiplication of plants can happen either through seeds or by vegetative methods. The selection of the propagation method is highly important for the cultivation of cashew. Commercial cultivation of cashew requires cross pollination and vegetative propagation. The traditional method of farming cashew involved the planting of seeds such that 3 seeds were planted in a single pit. Now, vegetative propagation by different methods is being practiced. Practically soft wood grafting is a commercially best method of cashew cultivation. The other methods are:
• Softwood Grafting: A method were saplings are grown in the nursery to collect the root stock, the scion sticks are collected, grafting is done and care is taken until the plant shows signs of survival.
• In Situ Grafting: the same procedure is followed as in soft wood grafting, but instead of growing the seeds in the nursery, they are sown in the main farm area.
• Top Working: A method where the fully grown trees of cashew are beheaded and the cut ends are treated with chemicals to avoid diseases or bacteria. The scions of other high yielding variety cashew plants are grafted to the ends of these cut branches. This is mainly used method to improve the yield of less productive cashew plant.
• Air Layering: a method where mature shoots on the tree are removed and this removed part is planted in a growing medium to enable rooting. Once the roots develop, they are used as planting material. This is a very old practice and is no longer in use for cashew plants.
Cashew Nut Farming – Manure and Fertilizer Requirements
Cashew plants respond well to the application of manure and fertilizers. These compounds are applied at various stages of the plant. Manure is applied during the first 15 days of planting. Fertilizer is applied to the plant at the base with a radius of 22.5 m and depth of 15 cm. The fertilizer quantity of the 1st year of planting per plant is 50 g of urea, 175 g of rock phosphate and 85 g of muriate of potash. Similarly the nutrients for the plant during 1st year of planting are 15 kg of FYM, 250 g of nitrogen, 50 g of P₂O₅ and 50 g of K₂O. If cashew is being cultivated as organic plant then nutrients are supplied in the form of oil cakes, green leaf compost, vermicompost, poultry manure etc.
Cashew Nut Farming - Irrigation Requirements
Cashew plants are basically rain fed variety. The plants require water for up to 3 years. Irrigation during the flowering and fruiting increases productivity and quality. When cashew is being cultivated in sandy soils, then irrigation is needed during summer months. Proper drainage should be provided to avoid water stagnation. Drip irrigation with drippers at a distance of 1 m from the crop during the flowering months (second fortnight of December to march) is observed to produce higher yields.
Cashew Nut Farming – Intercropping of Plants
In the beginning for about 3 or 4 years other crops can be cultivated in the space between the cashew plants. Commonly cultivated intercrops are turmeric, groundnut, chillies, papaya, bhendi etc. This intercropping facilitates extra income to the farmers.
Cashew Nut Farming Project Report – Other Intercultural Activities
• Light digging should be done during the rainy season. Manual removal of weeds or hoeing can be an effective remedy for weeds. Agrodar-96 (2, 4 – D) @ 4 ml/l of water and Gramaxone @ 5 ml/l of water are sprayed for controlling weeds.
• Leguminous cover crops can be cultivated in the space between the plants to enrich the soil.
• The sprouts at the root stock in the initial years of planting should be removed for better growth. The cashew tree is properly shaped by training and pruning it in the first 3 or 4 years. Until the tree reaches a height of 1 m it should be allowed to grow as a single stem. Other weak or secondary branches are chopped off. Pruning of dried leaves and unwanted branches should be done once in every 2 or 3 years to facilitate proper and healthy growth of the tree.
Cashew Nut Farming – Pest and Disease Management
The common pests which destroy the cashew crops are:
• Tea mosquito – spraying 0.1% of carbaryl or 0.07% of phosalone during the flowering season can control the pests.
• Thrips – spraying 0.05% of monocrotophos and 0.1% of carbaryl are useful in pest control.
• Stem and root borers – 0.1% of BHC swabbing twice a year can help control the infestation.
• Fruit and nut borers – spraying 0.05% of monocrotophos can control the problem.
The plants of cashew are not affected by any serious disease except the powdery mildew, which can be controlled by spraying 2% sulphur.
Cashew Nut Farming – Harvesting The Crop
The best harvest is obtained from the 4th year of planting. Harvesting should be done from February till May. The harvest of the crop depends on the varieties used for planting and it is observed that the trees give complete yield almost in the 10th year and it keeps increasing until the tree reaches 20 years. Fruit of the tree is removed and the nuts are separated. Harvesting is done on a weekly basis and on a clean land.
Cashew Nut Farming – Post Harvest Requirements
Once the harvest is done the cashew is processed through the following methods:
• Cleaning.
• Roasting.
• Shell separation.
• Drying.
• Peeling.
• Grading.
• Packing.
Manual picking is done and the nuts are cleaned. Open pans or hot oil bath is done to clean the nuts. The roasting of nuts using the rotary method is efficient and hygienic. Manual shelling recovers the kernels as a whole and then they are air dried in hot chambers to facilitate peeling. Kernels that are sound are called whole kernels and that which are broken are called splits. Again the grading is done as white, scorched, dessert, etc. The whole nuts are graded differently and the splits are graded differently. The cashews are packed by the Vita Pack Method, which involves removing the air from the packing tin and pumping CO₂ and sealing the pack.
Cashew Nut Farming Project Report – Production Trends/Yield
Analysis of the production based on the variety of cashew plant is helpful for the farmers understand the profit related to the cashew farming. The yield from different varieties is as shown:
• Bhaskara – 4.73 kg per tree.
• Madakkathara-2 – 4.45 kg per tree.
• Ullal-1 – 3.90 kg per tree.
• Ullal-4 – 3.67 kg per tree.
• NRCC selection-2 – 3.47 kg per tree.
The production of the nut also depends on the type of planting such as the normal planting (spacing: 8 m x 8 m) produced 737.88 kg/ha in the Bhaskara variety, whereas the yield was higher in the high density planting (spacing: 5 m x 5 m) i.e. 1882.54 kg/ha for the Bhaskara variety. The high density farming is not being adopted due to lack of awareness.
Cashew Nut Farming – (Cost and Profit Analysis)
The model of cost and profit structure discussed here is just for a basic idea of investment. The actual cost may vary for different places using different varieties of cashew for cultivation. Also there could be hidden cost for the processing of the product. The amount mentioned here is a rough data estimated for farming, the practical values may fluctuate based on the market and the location. The data is estimated for 1 hectare of land.
Labour cost per day is: Rs 200 – Rs 300.
The cost of 1 kg of manure is: Rs 2.5.
Cost of 1 kg of fertilizer: Rs 40-50.
Cost of fencing material: Rs 45/meter of wire.
Cost of planting material: Rs 30-35/seedling.
Materials and Labour |
Investment (In Rs) 1 st Year |
Investment in The 3 rd Year (Maintenance) |
Preparing the land |
8,000.00 |
– |
Creating the pits |
5,000.00 |
– |
Planting material |
6,000.00 |
– |
Planting and staking |
3,000.00 |
– |
Cost of farm yard manure |
5,000.00 |
5,000.00 |
Fertilizers cost |
1,500.00 |
3,000.00 |
Application of manure and fertilizer |
3,000.00 |
3,500.00 |
Irrigation |
2,000.00 |
4,000.00 |
Pesticides and insecticides |
2,500.00 |
2,500.00 |
Application of pesticides and insecticides |
3,000.00 |
2,000.00 |
Intercultural activities |
2,500.00 |
4,000.00 |
intercropping |
6,000.00 |
– |
Fencing cost |
10,000.00 |
– |
Harvesting |
– |
2,000.00 |
Total investment into farming |
57,500.00 |
26,000.00 |
Number of plants per hectare of land is: 178 (this may vary depending on the spacing between plants).
The production of raw cashew nuts after 3 years of planting is: 178 kg (the yield subsequently increases every year).
The cost of 1 kg of raw cashew nut: Rs 170.00.
The total cost of 178 kg of raw cashew nuts is: Rs 30,260.00.
The profit earned in the 3rd year of planting is: (maintenance charges – income generated) = (Rs 30,260 – Rs 26,000) = Rs 4,260.
The profit from the cashew cultivation may change depending on the yield of the tree and the quality of the product. The local market demand should also be considered for the above estimation.
Please note that processed product has a different rate in the market and the raw cashew nut has to be processed accordingly to obtain the nut.
The profit from the cashew cultivation may change depending on the yield of the tree and the quality of the product. The local market demand should also be considered for the above estimation.
Cashew Nut Farming - Loans and Subsidies
• Agricultural department, Government of Maharashtra offers a subsidy of 8% on the loans (max limit 80,000). It also provides subsidy on the electricity charges for the processing units. There is a 100% subsidy on planting materials for scheduled caste farmers and the rest get a subsidy of 75%.
• The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) funds the cashew farmers in India with the help of Agricultural Ministry. A subsidy of 25% is made available on the processing unit charges. For export oriented machinery a subsidy of 50 lakh rupees is capped.
• Banks in association with government agencies provide a loan of around 85 – 95% of the total cost of investment in cashew farming.
• Horticulture Development Program through the employment guarantee scheme provides 100% subsidy to increase the area under cashew cultivation.
SOURCE https://www.agrifarming.in/project-reports/
Contact for more information
Information Manager
TIMEIS Project
E-mail: timeis@ficci.com
